Which option is NOT a public health measure among the listed options?

• A. Sanitation
• B. Better nutrition
• C. Occupational safety
• D. Pet vaccination

Answer: (D)

Public health measures are actions that prevent disease and protect the health of populations by addressing conditions and exposures that affect everyone. Sanitation directly reduces the spread of infectious diseases by ensuring clean water, proper waste management, and hygienic living conditions. Better nutrition strengthens immune function and reduces malnutrition at the population level, supporting overall health and resilience. Occupational safety lowers the risk of injuries and harmful exposures in the workplace, protecting workers and the broader community by decreasing health burdens and healthcare costs.

Pet vaccination, while highly beneficial for animal health and can reduce zoonotic risks, is primarily a veterinary health measure focused on animals rather than a standard public health intervention aimed at improving human population health. It supports public health indirectly, but it is not categorized alongside actions that directly target human health determinants in typical public health practice.